英語語法:如何辨別和理解英語時(shí)態(tài)?有哪些小竅門?
英語時(shí)態(tài)
英語的時(shí)態(tài)是靠動(dòng)詞的變化和時(shí)間狀語來表達(dá)的。英語中的時(shí)態(tài)共有十六種,但是常考的或較常用的只有8種,而且重點(diǎn)測(cè)試完成時(shí)態(tài)。 要掌握英語的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài),必須掌握好英語中的助動(dòng)詞(do, be, have)和時(shí)間狀語這兩個(gè)核心問題。
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
主要用來表示人、事物的現(xiàn)在狀況和特點(diǎn);表示經(jīng)?;蛄?xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等時(shí)間狀語; 表示客觀規(guī)律和永恒真理等。
He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.
She has a brother who lives in New York.
The earth goes around the sun.
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
表說話時(shí)或目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng):或表感情色彩,加強(qiáng)語氣。與頻率副詞,如always,constantly,continually,again等連用表示說話人的某種感情色彩(贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等)。
We are having English class.
The house is being built these days.
The little boy is always making trouble.
1、一般疑問句是將be移到主語前面,句末加問號(hào),讀升調(diào)。
be+主語+doing sth
◇Are they putting up the scaffolding? Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.
◇Is he showing a foreign guest round the city? Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.
2、否定句式是在be動(dòng)詞后加not。
主語+be+not+doing sth
◇I am not working.
◇He isn't runnig or the track.
◇The students aren't playing football.
3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,完成在過去,但強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在情況仍有聯(lián)系,其結(jié)果或影響仍存在。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果或表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。它的構(gòu)成是:主語+have/has +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。
基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(p.p)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法
①肯定句:主語+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(p.p)(V-ed)+賓語(或者其他).
②否定句:主語+have not/has not+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(p.p)(V-ed)+賓語.
③一般疑問句:Have/Has+主語+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(p.p)(V-ed)+賓語(或者其他)?
肯定回答:Yes,I have.或Yes,she/he/人名 has.
否定回答:No,I haven't.或No,she/he/人名 hasn't.
④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句(have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他)
⑤被動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài):
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的肯定式為:have/ has +been +done。如:
The experiment has been done successfully. 這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)做得很成功。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定式為:have/ has +not +been +done。如:
Tom's novel has not been published. 湯姆的小說還沒有被出版。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般疑問句需將have /has提到主語的前面。如:
Has his bike been repaired? 他的自行車修好了嗎?
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊疑問句為:疑問詞+have /has +been +done? 如:
Who has been invited? 誰受到了邀請(qǐng)?
4.一般過去時(shí)
一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)、過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為、過去主語所具備的能力和性格。
基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+謂語(動(dòng)詞過去式)+句子其他成分;主語+was/were+形容詞/名詞/介詞短語+過去時(shí)間;否定形式①was/were+not;②在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞;一般疑問句Did+主語+do+其他。
一般過去時(shí),表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。用動(dòng)詞的過去式表示,常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,如:yesterday,last night,in+過去的年份,two days ago,before,the age of等。
一般過去時(shí)也表示過去經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常和often,always等表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用。表示過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為;過去主語所具備的能力和性格。
5.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
What were you doing at nine last night?
The radio was being repaired when you called me.
6. 過去完成時(shí)
表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,即過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”,句中有明顯的參照動(dòng)作或時(shí)間狀語,這種時(shí)態(tài)從來不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )
There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.
By the end of last term we had finished the book.
They finished earlier than we had expected.
7. 一般將來時(shí)
表在將來某個(gè)時(shí)間會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用,其表現(xiàn)形式多達(dá)5種。
Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.
8、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
表將來某個(gè)時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,或按計(jì)劃一定會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天這會(huì)我正在寫作業(yè)。
The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.
9、將來完成時(shí)
表在將來某時(shí)刻之前業(yè)已完成的事情,時(shí)間狀語非常明顯。
常用的時(shí)間狀語一般用by+將來的時(shí)間。如:by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引導(dǎo)的副詞從句。
By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.